Anime100, “Survey report on the first domestic commercial animated film”, archived June 11 2023, https://web.archive.org/web/20220318145358/http://anime100.jp/jpn/news/733

Berry, Mary Elizabeth, “Hideyoshi”, (Harvard University Press, 1982)

Bix, Herbert P, “Hirohito And The Making Of Modern Japan”, (Harper Collins, 2000)

Clements, Jonathan & McCarthy, Helen, “The Anime Encyclopedia“, Third Revised Edition, (Stone Bridge Press, 2015), epub

Clements, Jonathan “Anime: A History”, Second Edition, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2023)

Dym, Jeffrey, “A Brief History Of Benshi: A Teacher’s Resource”, https://www.are.na/block/689762

Japanese Animated Film Classics, https://animation.filmarchives.jp/en/index.html

Litten, Frederick S., “Animated Film in Japan until 1919 : Western Animation and the Beginnings of Anime”, 2017, https://litten.de/fulltext/animebeg.pdf

Makuro Mamoru, “On the Conditions of Film Censorship in Japan before its Systemization”, in Aron Gerow and Mark Nomes (eds), In Praise Of Film Studies p.54, (Yokohama: Kinema Club), in Jonathan Clements, “Anime: A History”, p. 44.

Miyao Daisuke, “Before Anime: Animation and the Pure Film Movement in Pre-war Japan”, Japan Forum 14.2 (2002), p. 203, in Jonathan Clements “Anime: A History – Second Edition”, p. 61, 2023

Nakamura, Kimihiko, ‘Norakuro: Imperial Japan’s Unofficial Mascot for Children’, Aziatische Kunst 54, no. 2 (June 2024)

Nash, Eric, “Manga Kamishibai: The Art of Japanese Paper Theater”, p. 80, 2009, in Jonathan Clements “Anime: A History – Second Edition”, p. 37, 2023

Saerens, Sylvie, “Biography of Emile Reynaud”, accessed December 12, 2025, https://www.lips.org/bio_Reynaud_GB.html

Wikimedia Foundation, “Katsudō Shashin”, last modified November 25th, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsudō_Shashin

Wikimedia Foundation, “Pauvre Pierrot”, last modified September 8th, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pauvre_Pierrot_(Emile_Reynaud,_1892).webm